Chapter 5 Basic Doctrines Tri-Pitaka (or Tipitaka)

　　第五章 佛學基礎

　　The Tripitaka

　　叁藏經典

　　Tripitaka is the collection of the teachings of the Buddha over 45 years in the Pali language, and it consists of Sutta---conventionalteaching, Vinaya ---disciplinary code, and Abhidhamma---moral psychology.

　　The Tripitaka was compiled and arranged in its present form by those Arahants who had immediate contact with the Master Himself.

　　叁藏經典是結集了佛陀弘法四十五年的教義，以巴利文記錄的佛教經典。

　　其中包括：律藏、經藏和論藏。佛教的叁藏經典是由親耳聽聞佛陀言說的阿拉漢們所結集的。

　　The Buddha has passed away, but the sublime Dhamma which He unreservedly bequeathed to humanity still exists in its pristine purity.

　　佛陀雖然已經入滅，但是他生前的教誨，毫無保留的流傳下來，一直到今天。

　　Although the Master has left no written records of His Teachings, His distinguished disciples preserved them by committing to memory and transmitting them orally from generation to generation.

　　佛陀雖然沒有著書立論，可是他的教義，卻由他的弟子們以超凡的記憶，一代一代的以口頭方式流傳下來。

　　Immediately after the final passing away of the Buddha, 500 distinguished Arahants held a convention known as the First Buddhist Council to rehearse the Doctrine taught by the Buddha. Venerable Ananda, the faithful attendant of the Buddha who had the special privilege of hearing all the discourses the Buddha ever uttered, recited the Dhamma, whilst the Venerable Upali recited the Vinaya, the rules of conduct for the Sangha.

　　One hundred years after the First Buddhist Council, during King Kalasoka, some disciples saw the need to change certain minor rules. The orthodox monk said that nothing should be changed while the others insisted on modifying some disciplinary rules(Vinaya). Finally, the formation of different schools of Buddhism germinated after this council. And in the Second Council, only matters pertaining to the Vinaya were discussed and no controversy about the Dhamma was reported.

　　In the 3rd Century B. C. during the time of Emperor Asoka, the Third Council was held to discuss the differences of opinion held by the Sangha community. At this Council the differences were not confined to the Vinaya but were also connected with the Dhamma. At the end of this Council, the President of the Council, Ven. Moggaliputta Tissa, compiled a book called Kathavatthu refuting the heretical, false views and theories held by some disciples. The teaching approved and accepted by this Council was known as Theravada. The Abhidhamma Pitaka was held in Sri Lanka in 80 B. C. is known as the 4th Council under the patronage of the pious King Vattagamini Abbaya. It was at this time in Sri Lanka that the Tripitaka was first committed to writing.

　　The Tripitaka consists of three sections of the Buddha”s Teachings. They are the Discipline(Vinaya Pitaka), the Discourse(Sutta Pitaka), and Ultimate Doctrine (Abhidhamma Pitaka).

　　佛陀入滅後，五百名上座阿拉漢弟子即刻召集了結集大會，重覆地審核了佛陀的教義，當時，由阿難達尊者誦出經藏，伍巴離尊者誦出律藏。在第一次結集一百年後，當卡拉索喀(alasoa)王朝時，舉行了第二次結集。這是因爲有部分信徒提出要求修改十項戒律(十事非法)，但是，遭到上座弟子們反對，他們認爲佛陀所訂立的戒律是完整的，不需要做任何的更動，要求修改戒律的信衆決定舉行另外的結集，這稱爲大衆部結集，這導致僧團的分裂。

　　到了公元前叁世紀，阿首咖 (Asoka) 時代，舉行了第叁次結集。在這次結集中，僧衆們對經藏和律藏都發表了意見，也一致的對經藏和律藏做了再次結集。在這次結集後，主持莫噶裏普塔 .提薩(Moggalputta Tssa，古譯：目犍連子帝須)尊者，從經藏中整理出第一部「論」《辨宗義論 》(Atthaatthu)，讓信徒們更容易的理解佛陀的教義。上座部通過和接受了論藏(阿毗達摩，Abhidhamma)爲佛教經典的一部分，到這時候，叁藏經典才完全的定了型。

　　公元 80 年，第四次結集在斯裏蘭卡舉行，由國王瓦塔噶米尼 .阿巴鴉 (Vattagamn Abbaya) 主持。這是在佛教史上，第一次將叁藏經典以文字記載下來。

　　叁藏寶典分爲叁個部分：律藏、經藏和論藏。

　　Vinaya Pitaka

　　律藏：

　　The Vinaya Pitaka mainly deals with the rules and regulations of the Order of monks (Bhikkhus) and nuns (Bhikkhunis). It describes in detail the gradual development of the Sasana(Dispensation). It also gives an account of the life and ministry of the Buddha. Indirectly it reveals some useful information about ancient history, Indian customs, arts, sciences, etc.

　　For nearly twenty years since His Enlightenment, the Buddha did not lay down rules for the control of the Sa…

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