Chapter 5 Basic Doctrines Tri-Pitaka (or Tipitaka)

　　第五章 佛学基础

　　The Tripitaka

　　三藏经典

　　Tripitaka is the collection of the teachings of the Buddha over 45 years in the Pali language, and it consists of Sutta---conventionalteaching, Vinaya ---disciplinary code, and Abhidhamma---moral psychology.

　　The Tripitaka was compiled and arranged in its present form by those Arahants who had immediate contact with the Master Himself.

　　三藏经典是结集了佛陀弘法四十五年的教义，以巴利文记录的佛教经典。

　　其中包括：律藏、经藏和论藏。佛教的三藏经典是由亲耳听闻佛陀言说的阿拉汉们所结集的。

　　The Buddha has passed away, but the sublime Dhamma which He unreservedly bequeathed to humanity still exists in its pristine purity.

　　佛陀虽然已经入灭，但是他生前的教诲，毫无保留的流传下来，一直到今天。

　　Although the Master has left no written records of His Teachings, His distinguished disciples preserved them by committing to memory and transmitting them orally from generation to generation.

　　佛陀虽然没有著书立论，可是他的教义，却由他的弟子们以超凡的记忆，一代一代的以口头方式流传下来。

　　Immediately after the final passing away of the Buddha, 500 distinguished Arahants held a convention known as the First Buddhist Council to rehearse the Doctrine taught by the Buddha. Venerable Ananda, the faithful attendant of the Buddha who had the special privilege of hearing all the discourses the Buddha ever uttered, recited the Dhamma, whilst the Venerable Upali recited the Vinaya, the rules of conduct for the Sangha.

　　One hundred years after the First Buddhist Council, during King Kalasoka, some disciples saw the need to change certain minor rules. The orthodox monk said that nothing should be changed while the others insisted on modifying some disciplinary rules(Vinaya). Finally, the formation of different schools of Buddhism germinated after this council. And in the Second Council, only matters pertaining to the Vinaya were discussed and no controversy about the Dhamma was reported.

　　In the 3rd Century B. C. during the time of Emperor Asoka, the Third Council was held to discuss the differences of opinion held by the Sangha community. At this Council the differences were not confined to the Vinaya but were also connected with the Dhamma. At the end of this Council, the President of the Council, Ven. Moggaliputta Tissa, compiled a book called Kathavatthu refuting the heretical, false views and theories held by some disciples. The teaching approved and accepted by this Council was known as Theravada. The Abhidhamma Pitaka was held in Sri Lanka in 80 B. C. is known as the 4th Council under the patronage of the pious King Vattagamini Abbaya. It was at this time in Sri Lanka that the Tripitaka was first committed to writing.

　　The Tripitaka consists of three sections of the Buddha”s Teachings. They are the Discipline(Vinaya Pitaka), the Discourse(Sutta Pitaka), and Ultimate Doctrine (Abhidhamma Pitaka).

　　佛陀入灭后，五百名上座阿拉汉弟子即刻召集了结集大会，重覆地审核了佛陀的教义，当时，由阿难达尊者诵出经藏，伍巴离尊者诵出律藏。在第一次结集一百年后，当卡拉索喀(alasoa)王朝时，举行了第二次结集。这是因为有部分信徒提出要求修改十项戒律(十事非法)，但是，遭到上座弟子们反对，他们认为佛陀所订立的戒律是完整的，不需要做任何的更动，要求修改戒律的信众决定举行另外的结集，这称为大众部结集，这导致僧团的分裂。

　　到了公元前三世纪，阿首咖 (Asoka) 时代，举行了第三次结集。在这次结集中，僧众们对经藏和律藏都发表了意见，也一致的对经藏和律藏做了再次结集。在这次结集后，主持莫噶里普塔 .提萨(Moggalputta Tssa，古译：目犍连子帝须)尊者，从经藏中整理出第一部「论」《辨宗义论 》(Atthaatthu)，让信徒们更容易的理解佛陀的教义。上座部通过和接受了论藏(阿毗达摩，Abhidhamma)为佛教经典的一部分，到这时候，三藏经典才完全的定了型。

　　公元 80 年，第四次结集在斯里兰卡举行，由国王瓦塔噶米尼 .阿巴鸦 (Vattagamn Abbaya) 主持。这是在佛教史上，第一次将三藏经典以文字记载下来。

　　三藏宝典分为三个部分：律藏、经藏和论藏。

　　Vinaya Pitaka

　　律藏：

　　The Vinaya Pitaka mainly deals with the rules and regulations of the Order of monks (Bhikkhus) and nuns (Bhikkhunis). It describes in detail the gradual development of the Sasana(Dispensation). It also gives an account of the life and ministry of the Buddha. Indirectly it reveals some useful information about ancient history, Indian customs, arts, sciences, etc.

　　For nearly twenty years since His Enlightenment, the Buddha did not lay down rules for the control of the Sa…

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