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什麼是patisandhi?patisandhi是什麼意思?

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【南傳佛教英文辭典】對“什麼是patisandhi”的解釋

  lit.”reunion,  relinking”,  i.e.  rebirth,  is  one  of  the  14  functions  of  consciousness  (vin~n~a^na-kicca,  q.v.).  It  is  a  karma-resultant  type  of  consciousness  and  arises  at  the  moment  of  conception  i.e.  with  the  forming  of  new  life  in  the  mother”s  womb.  Immediately  afterwards  it  sinks  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence  (bhavangasota,  q.v.),  and  conditioned  thereby  ever  and  ever  again  corresponding  states  of  subconsciousness  arise.  Thus  it  is  really  rebirth-consciousness  that  determines  the  latent  character  of  a  person.
"Neither  has  this  (rebirth-)  consciousness  transmigrated  from  the  previous  existence  to  this  present  existence,  nor  did  it  arise  without  such  conditions,  as  karma,  karma-formations,  propensity,  object,  etc.  That  this  consciousness  has  not  come  from  the  previous  existence  to  this  present  existence,  yet  that  it  has  come  into  existence  by  means  of  conditions  included  in  the  previous  existence,  such  as  karma  (q.v.),  etc.,  this  fact  may  be  illustrated  by  various  things,  such  as  the  echo,  the  light  of  a  lamp,  the  impression  of  a  seal,  or  the  image  produced  by  a  mirror.  For  just  as  the  resounding  of  the  echo  is  conditioned  by  a  sound,  etc.,  and  nowhere  a  transmigration  of  sound  has  taken  place,  just  so  it  is  with  this  consciousness.  Further  it  is  said:  ”In  this  continuous  process,  no  sameness  and  no  otherness  can  be  found.”  For  if  there  were  full  identity  (between  the  different  stages),  then  also  milk  never  could  turn  into  curd.  And  if  there  were  a  complete  otherness,  then  curd  could  never  come  from  milk....  If  in  a  continuity  of  existence  any  karma-result  takes  place,  then  this  karma-result  neither  belongs  to  any  other  being,  nor  does  it  come  from  any  other  (kamma),  because  absolute  sameness  and  otherness  are  excluded  here"  (Vis,  XVII  164ff).
In  Mil.  it  is  said:
"Now,  Venerable  Na^gasena,  the  one  who  is  reborn,  is  he  the  same  as  the  one  who  has  died,  or  is  he  another?"
"Neither  the  same,  nor  another"  (na  ca  so  na  ca  an~n~o).
"Give  me  an  example."
"What  do  you  think,  o  King:  are  you  now,  as  a  grown-up  person,  the  same  that  you  had  been  as  a  little,  young  and  tender  babe?  "
"No,  Venerable  Sir.  Another  person  was  the  little,  young  and  tender  babe,  but  quite  a  different  person  am  I  now  as  a  grown-up  man  ."...
"...  Is  perhaps  in  the  first  watch  of  the  night  one  lamp  burning,  another  one  in  the  middle  watch,  and  again  another  one  in  the  last  watch?"
"No,  Venerable  Sir.  The  light  during  the  whole  night  depends  on  one  and  the  same  lamp.””
"Just  so,  o  King,  is  the  chain  of  phenomena  linked  together.  One  phenomenon  arises,  another  vanishes,  yet  all  are  linked  together,  one  after  the  other,  without  interruption.  In  this  way  one  reaches  the  final  state  of  consciousnes  neither  as  the  same  person.  nor  as  another  person.””
According  to  the  nature  of  their  rebirth  consciousness,  beings  divide  into  the  following  3  groups:
1.  ahetu-patisandhika:  a  ”being  reborn  without  rootconditions”,  is  a  being  whose  consciousness  at  the  moment  of  rebirth  was  not  accompanied  by  any  of  the  3  noble  rootconditions,  viz.  greedlessness,  hatelessness,  undeludedness  (s.  múla),  i.e.  selflessness,  kindness,  intelligence.  Such  beings  are  found  in  the  4  lower  worlds  (apa^ya,  q.v.),  in  which  case  the  function  of  rebirth  is  exercised  by  the  class  of  consciousness  listed  in  Tab.  I  as  No.  56.  But  if  such  beings  are  born  in  the  sensuous  sphere  as  humans,  they  will  be  crippled,  blind,  deaf,  mentally  deficient,  etc.  (Rebirth-consciousness  =  Tab.  I,  No.  41)
2.  dvihetu  (or  duhetu)-patisandhika:  a  ”being  reborn  with  only  2  (noble)  root-conditions”,  i.e.  greedlessness  and  hatelessness.  (Rebirth-consciousness  =  Tab.  I,  Nos.  44,  45,  48  or  49.)
3.  tihetu-patisandhika:  a  ”being  reborn  with  3  (noble)  rootconditions”.  Such  a  being  can  be  found  only  among  men.  (Rebirth-consciousness  =  Tab.  1,  Nos.  42,  43,  46,  or  47)  and  higher  heavenly  beings.
On  these  3  types  of  rebirth,  See  Atthasa^lini  Tr.  11,  354  -  379.  (App.:  patisandhika).
In  the  suttas,  the  terms  for  rebirth  are  chiefly  punabbhava  (q.v.),  ”renewed  existence”,  and  abhinibbatti  ”arising”;  or  both  combined  as  punabbhava^bhinibbatti.  -  (App.:  patisandhi).
Literature  Vis.M.  XVII,  133f,  164f,  189f,  289f;  Vis.M.  XIX,  22f.  -  Karma  and  Rebirth,  by  Nyanatiloka  Thera  (WHEEL  9).  -  The  Case  for  Rebirth,  by  Francis  Story  (WHEEL  12/13).  -  Survival  and  Karma  in  Buddhist  Perspective,  by  K.  N.  Jayatilleke  (WHEEL  141/143).  -  Rebirth  Explained,  by  V.  F.  Gunaratna  (WHEEL  167/169).

【南傳佛教英文辭典】對“什麼是patisandhi”的解釋

  is  chiefly  a  commentarial  term;  but  it  occurs  several  times  in  one  of  the  later  books  of  the  Sutta  Pitaka,  the  Patisambhida^  Magga  (Pts.M.  I,  11f,  52,  59f.;  II,  72f.).  The  usual  sutta  term  for  ”rebirth”  is  punabbhava.

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