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什麼是paccaya?paccaya是什麼意思?

在、南傳佛教英文辭典中都找到了“什麼是paccaya”在不同出處下的解釋,請查閱下面的答案。
【南傳佛教英文辭典】對“什麼是paccaya”的解釋

  This  term  occurs  often  in  the  old  sutta  texts  in  such  expressions  as:  ”ko  hetu,  ko  paccayo”,  ”yam  yad  eva  paccayam  paticca  uppajjati  vin~n~a^nam”,  etc.,  or  as  abl.  adverb  in  ”avijja^paccaya^  sankha^ra^”.  All  the  24  paccaya  are  for  the  first  time  enumerated,  explained  and  applied  to  the  phenomena  of  existence  in  the  Abh.  Canon  (Patth).  Of  these  24  paccaya,  5  are  already  mentioned  in  Pts.M.  (II,  49-54,  59f.,  72-77),  namely,  sahaja^ta-,  an~n~aman~n~a-,  nissaya-,  sampayutta-,  vippayutta-paccaya.
1.  Hetu  is  already  used  in  the  sutta  texts  as  ”condition”  in  a  general  and  indefinite  way,  as  a  synonym  of  paccaya.  In  the  sense  of  kusala  and  akusala  roots  (múla;  s.  M.  9),  however,  it  is  only  found  in  the  Abh.  Canon  and  Com.
2.  a^rammana  has  in  the  ”sutta  texts  only  the  meaning  of  ”foundation”,  or  ”basis”,  or  ”dependent  on”,  e.g.  M.  21:  ”tada^rammanan~ca  sabbalokam  metta^sahagatena  cetasa^  pharitva^....”  or  D.33;  S.XXII.53:  ”vin~n~a^nam  ...  rúpa^rammanam  ...  vedana^ram-manam....”  As  term  for  the  6  objects,  rúpa^rammana,  sadda^rammana,  etc.,
it  is  first  used  in  the  Abh.  Canon,  though  the  teaching  of  dependency  of  the  6  kinds  of  vin~n~a^na  on  the  6  sense-objects  is  an  integral  part  of  the  suttas.  Cf.  e.g.  M.38:  ”cakkhun~ca  paticca  rúpe  ca  uppajjati  vin~n~a^nam  sotan~ca  paticca  sadde  ca  ...”  etc.
3.  Adhipati,  as  a  philosophical  term,  occurs  for  the  first  time  in  the  Abh.  Canon  (esp.  Patth.).  The  4  adhipati  are  in  the  suttas  called  iddhipa^da  (e.g.  S.  LI.  11).  In  the  old  sutta  texts,  3  adhipateyya  are  however  mentioned:  atta-,  loka-,  dhamma-  (A.  III,  38).
4.&  5.  Anantara-  and  samanantara-paccaya  occur,  as  paccaya,  for  the  first  time  in  the  Abh.  Canon  (esp.  Patth.).  In  a  veiled  form,  however,  we  find  the  first  term  in  the  old  sutta  texts  (e.g.  Ratana  Sutta  in  Khp.  and  Sn.):  ”sama^dhim  a^nantarikan~n~ama^hu”:  the  concentration  (associated  with  the  arahatta-magga),  which  is  called  the  ”immediate”  condition  (for  arahatta-phala).
6.&  7.  Sahaja^ta  and  an~n~aman~n~a-paccaya.  Though  these  terms,  as  such,  are  not  found  in  the  older  sutta  texts,  still  the  teaching  of  the  conascent  and  mutual  conditionedness  of  the  4  mental  groups  (vedana^,  san~n~a^,  sankha^ra,  vin~n~a^na)  is  taught  in  the  old  texts,  e.g.  M.  28,  43;  S.  XXII,  etc.
8.  Nissaya-paccaya  is  mentioned  in  Pts;  s.  first  paragraph  of  this  article,  above.
9.  Upanissaya-paccaya.  Though  this  name  is  not  found  in  the  suttas,  the  teaching  expressed  thereby  is,  however,  frequently  met  with  there,  sometimes  even  in  the  form  of  upanisa^  (apparently  a  contraction  of  upanissaya),  e.g.  S.  XII,  23:  ”Yam  pi”ssa  tam  bhikkhave  khayasmim  khaye  n~a^nam,  tam  sa-upanisam  vada^mi,  no  anupanisam  ”.  The  terms  pakati-,  a^rammana-  and  anantara-upanissaya  are  later  developments  of  the  Abh.  Com.
All  the  remaining  terms  are  met  with  only  in  the  Abh.  literature  though  the  substance  is,  perhaps  in  all  cases,  already  dealt  with  in  the  old  sutta  texts.

【南傳佛教英文辭典】對“什麼是paccaya”的解釋

  ”condition”,  is  something  on  which  something  else,  the  so-called  ”conditioned  thing”,  is  dependent,  and  without  which  the  latter  cannot  be.  Manifold  are  the  ways  in  which  one  thing,  or  one  occurrence,  may  be  the  condition  for  some  other  thing,  or  occurrence.  In  the  Pattha^na,  the  last  book  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka  (comprising  6  large  vols.  in  the  Siamese  edition),  these  24  modes  of  conditionality  are  enumerated  and  explained,  and  then  applied  to  all  conceivable  mental  and  physical  phenomena  and  occurrences,  and  thus  their  conditioned  nature  is  demonstrated.
The  first  two  volumes  of  the  Pattha^na  have  been  translated  into  English  by  the  Venerable  U  Na^rada  (Múlapattha^na  Sayadaw)  of  Burma,  under  the  title  Conditional  Relations  (Published  by  the  Pa^li  Text  Society,  London  1969,  1981).  For  a  synopsis  of  this  work,  see  Guide  VII.
The  24  modes  of  conditionality  are:

1.  Root  condition  :  hetu  paccaya
2.  Object  "  :  a^rammana  "
3.  Predominance  "  :  adhipati  "
4.  Priority  "  :  anantara  "
5.  Contiguity  "  :  samanantara  "
6.  Co-nascence  "  :  sahaja^ta  "
7.  Mutuality  "  :  an~n~aman~n~a  "
8.  Support  "  :  nissaya  "
9.  Decisive  Support  "  :  upanissaya  "
10.  Pre-nascene  "  :  pureja^ta  "
11.  Post-nascene  "  :  paccha^ja^ta  "
12.  Repitition  "  :  a^sevana  "
13.  Karma  "  :  kamma  "
14.  Karma-result  "  :  vipa^ka  "
15.  Nutriment  "  :  a^ha^ra  "
16.  Faculty  "  :  indriya  "
17.  Jha^na  "  :  jha^na  "
18.  Path  "  :  magga  "
19.  Associaton  "  :  sampayutta  "
20.  Dissociation  "  :  vippayutta  "
21.  Presence  "  :  atthi  "
22.  Absence  "  :  natthi  "
23.  Disappearance  "  :  vigata  "
24.  Non-disappearance  "  :  avigata  "

(1)  Root-condition  (hetu-paccaya)  is  that  condition  that  resembles  the  root  of  a  tree.  Just  as  a  tree  rests  on  its  root,  and  remains  alive  only  as  long  as  its  root  is  not  destroyed,  similarly  all  karmically  wholesome  and  unwholesome  mental  states  are  entirely  dependent  on  the  simultaneity  and  presence  of  their  respective  roots,  i.e,  of  greed  (lobha),  hate  (dosa),  delusion  (moha),  or  greedlessness  (alobha),  hatelessness  (adosa),  undeludedness  (amoha).  For  the  definition  of  these  6  roots,  s.  múla.
"The  roots  are  a  condition  by  way  of  root  for  the  (mental)  phenomena  associated  with  a  root,  and  for  the  corporeal  phenomena  produced  thereby  (e.g.  for  bodily  expression)"  (Patth).
(2)  Object-condition  (a^rammana-paccaya)  is  called  something  which,  as  object,  forms  the  condition  for  consciousness  and  mental  phenomena.  Thus,  the  physical  object  of  sight  consisting  in  colour  and  light  (”light-wave”),  is  the  necessary  condition  and  the  sine  qua  non  for  the  arising  of  eye-consciousness  (cakkhu-vin~n~a^na),  etc.;  sound  (”sound  wave”)  for  ear-consciousness  (sota^-vin~n~a^na),  etc.;  further,  any  object  arising  in  the  mind  is  the  condition  for  mind-consciousness  (mano-vin~n~a^na).  The  mind-object  may  be  anything  whatever,  corporeal  or  mental,  past,  present  or  future,  real  or  imaginary.
(3)  Predominance-condition  (adhipati-paccaya)  is  the  term  for  4  things,  on  the  preponderance  and  predominance  of  which  are  dependent  the  mental  phenomena  associated  with  them,  namely:  concentrated  intention  (chanda,  q.v.),  energy  (viriya,  q.v.),  consciousness  (citta)  and  investigation  (vi^mamsa^).  In  one  and  the  same  state  of  consciousness,  however,  only  one  of  these  4  phenomena  can  be  predominant  at  a  time."Whenever  such  phenomena  as  consciousness  and  mental  concomitants  are  arising  by  giving  preponderance  to  one  of  these  4  things,  then  this  phenomenon  is  for  the  other  phenomena  a  condition  by  way  of  predominance"  (Patth.).  Cf.  iddhi-pa^da.
(4-5)  Proximity  and  contiguity  (or  immediacy)-condition  (anantara  and  samanantara-paccaya)  -  both  being  identical  -  refer  to  any  state  of  consciousness  and  mental  phenomena  associated  with  them,  which  are  the  conditions  for  the  immediately  following  stage  in  the  process  of  consciousness.  For  example,  in  the  visual  process,  eye-consciousness  is  for  the  immediately  following  mindelement  -  performing  the  function  of  receiving  the  visible  object  -  a  condition  by  way  of  contiguity;  and  so  is  this  mind-element  for  the  next  following  mind-consciousness  element,  performing  the  function  of  investigating  the  object,  etc.  Cf.  vin~n~a^na-kicca.
(6)  Co-nascence  condjtion  (sahaja^ta-paccaya),  i.e.  condition  by  way  of  simultaneous  arising,  is  a  phenomenon  that  for  another  one  forms,  a  condition  in  such  a  way  that,  simultaneously  with  its  arising,  also  the  other  thing  must  arise.  Thus,  for  instance,  in  one  and  the  same  moment  each  of  the  4  mental  groups  (feeling,  perception,  mental  formations  and  consciousness)  is  for  the  3  other  groups  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascence  or  co-arising;  or  again  each  of  the  4  physical  elements  (solid,  liquid,  heat,  motion)  is  such  a  condition  for  the  other  3  elements.  Only  at  the  moment  of  conception  in  the  mother”s  womb  does  corporeality  (physical  base  of  mind)  serve  for  the  4  mental  groups  as  a  condition  by  way  of  conascence.
(7)  Condition  by  way  of  mutuality  (an~n~a^man~n~a-paccaya).  All  the  just  mentioned  associated  and  co-nascent  mental  phenomena,  as  well  as  the  4  physical  elements,  are,  of  course,  at  the  same  time  also  conditioned  by  way  of  mutuality,  "just  like  three  sticks  propped  up  one  by  another."  The  4  mental  groups  are  one  for  another  a  condition  by  way  of  mutuality.  So  also  are  the  4  elements,  and  also  mentality  and  corporeality  at  the  moment  of  conception.
(8)  Support-condition  (nissaya-paccaya).  This  condition  refers  either  to  a  pre-nascent  (s.  10)  or  co-nascent  (s.  6)  phenomenon  which  is  aiding  other  phenomena  in  the  manner  of  a  foundation  or  base,  just  as  the  trees  have  the  earth  as  their  foundation,  or  as  the  oil-painting  rests  on  the  canvas.  In  this  way,  the  5  sense-organs  and  the  physical  base  of  the  mind  are  for  the  corresponding  6  kinds  of  consciousness  a  prenascent,  i.e.  previously  arisen,  condition  by  way  of  support.  Further  all  co-nascent  (s.  6)  phenomena  are  mutually  (s.  7)  conditioned  by  each  other  by  way  of  support.
(9)  Decisive-support  (or  inducement)  condition  (upanissaya-paccaya)  is  threefold,  namely  (a)  by  way  of  object  (a^rammanúpanissaya-paccaya),  (b)  by  way  of  proximity  (anantarúpanissaya),  (c)  natural  decisive  support  (pakatupanissaya).  These  conditions  act  as  strong  inducement  or  cogent  reason.
(a)  Anything  past,  present  or  future,  corporeal  or  mental,  real  or  imaginary,  may,  as  object  of  our  thinking,  become  a  decisive  support,  or  strong  inducement,  to  moral,  immoral  or  karmically  neutral  states  of  mind.  Evil  things,  by  wrong  thinking  about  them,  become  an  inducement  to  immoral  life;  by  right  thinking,  an  inducement  to  moral  life.  But  good  things  may  be  an  inducement  not  only  to  similarly  good  things,  but  also  to  bad  things,  such  as  self-conceit,  vanity,  envy,  etc.
(b;)  is  identical  with  proximity  condition  (No.  4).
(c)  Faith,  virtue,  etc.,  produced  in  one”s  own  mind,  or  the  influence  of  climate,  food,  etc.,  on  one”s  body  and  mind,  may  act  as  natural  and  decisive  support-conditions.  Faith  may  be  a  direct  and  natural  inducement  to  charity,  virtue  to  mental  training,  etc.;  greed  to  theft,  hate  to  murder;  unsuitable  food  and  climate  to  ill-health;  friends  to  spiritual  progress  or  deterioration.
(10)  Pre-nascence-condition  (pureja^ta-paccaya)  refers  to  something  previously  arisen,  which  forms  a  base  for  something  arising  later  on.  For  example,  the  5  physical  sense-organs  and  the  physical  base  of  mind,  having  already  arisen  at  the  time  of  birth,  form  the  condition  for  the  consciousness  arising  later,  and  for  the  mental  phenomena  associated  therewith.
(11)  Post-nascence-condition  (paccha^-ja^ta-paccaya)  refers  to  consciousness  and  the  phenomena  therewith  associated,  because  they  are  -  just  as  is  the  feeling  of  hunger-  a  necessary  condition  for  the  preservation  of  this  already  arisen  body.
(12)  Repetition-condition  (a^sevana-paccaya)  refers  to  the  karmical  consciousness,  in  which  each  time  the  preceding  impulsive  moments  (javana-citta,  q.v.)  are  for  all  the  succeeding  ones  a  condition  by  way  of  repetition  and  frequency,  just  as  in  learning  by  heart,  through  constant  repetition,  the  later  recitation  becomes  gradually  easier  and  easier.
(13)  Karma-condition  (kamma-paccaya).  The  pre-natal  karma  (i.e  karma-volitions,  kamma-cetana^,  in  a  previous  birth)  is  the  generating  condition  (cause)  of  the  5  sense-organs,  the  fivefold  sense-consciousness,  and  the  other  karma-produced  mental  and  corporeal  phenomena  in  a  later  birth.  -  Karmical  volition  is  also  a  condition  by  way  of  karma  for  the  co-nascent  mental  phenomena  associated  therewith,  but  these  phenomena  are  in  no  way  karma-results.
(14)  Karma-result-condition  (vipa^ka-paccaya).  The  karma-resultant  5  kinds  of  sense-consciousness  are  a  condition  by  way  of  karma-result  for  the  co-nascent  mental  and  corporeal  phenomena.
(15)  Nutriment-condition  (a^ha^ra-paccaya).  For  the  4  nutriments,  s.  a^ha^ra.
(16)  Faculty-condition  (indriya-paccaya).  This  condition  applies  to  20  faculties  (indriya,  q.v.),  leaving  out  No.  7  and  8  from  the  22  faculties.  Of  these  20  faculties,  the  5  physical  sense-organs  (1  -  5),  in  their  capacity  as  faculties,  form  a  condition  only  for  uncorporeal  phenomena  (eye-consciousness  etc.);  physical  vitality  (6)  and  all  the  remaining  faculties,  for  the  co-nascent  mental  and  corporeal  phenomena.
(17)  Jha^na-condition  (jha^na-paccaya)  is  a  name  for  the  7  so-called  jha^na-factors,  as  these  form  a  condition  to  the  co-nascent  mental  and  corporeal  phenomena,  to  wit:  (1)  thought-conception  (vitakka),  (2)  discursive  thinking  (vica^ra),  (3)  interest  (pi^ti),  (4)  joy  (sukha),  (5)  sadness  (domanassa),  (6)  indifference  (upekkha^),  (7)  concentration  (sama^dhi).  (For  definition  s.  Pa^li  terms.  )
1,  2,  3,  4,  7  are  found  in  4  classes  of  greedy  consciousness  (s.  Tab.  I.  22-25);  1,  2,  5,  7  in  hateful  consciousness  (ib.  30,  31);  1,  2,  6,  7  in  the  classes  of  deluded  consciousness  (ib.  32,  33).
This  condition  does  not  only  apply  to  jha^na  alone,  but  also  to  the  general  intensifying  (”absorbing”)  impact  of  these  7  factors.
(18)  Path-condition  (magga-paccaya)  refers  to  the  12  path-factors,  as  these  are  for  the  karmically  wholesome  and  unwholesome  mental  phenomena  associated  with  them,  a  way  of  escape  from  this  or  that  mental  constitution,  namely:  (1)  knowledge  (pan~n~a^  =  samma^ditthi,  right  understanding),  (2)  (right  or  wrong)  thought-conception  (vitakka),  (3)  right  speech  (samma^-va^ca^),  (4)  right  bodily  action  (samma^-kammanta),  (5)  right  livelihood  (samma^-a^ji^va),  (6)  (right  or  wrong)  energy  (viriya),  (7)  (right  or  wrong)  mindfulness  (sati),  (8)  (right  or  wrong)  concentration  (sama^dhi),  (9)  wrong  views  (miccha^ditthi),  (10)  wrong  speech  (miccha^-va^ca^),  (11)  wrong  bodily  action  (miccha^-kammanta),  (12)  wrong  livelihood  (miccha^-a^ji^va).  Cf.  magga.
(19)  Association-condition  (sampayutta-paccaya)  refers  to  the  co-nascent  (s.  6)  and  mutually  (s.  7)  conditioned  4  mental  groups  (khandha),  "as  they  aid  each  other  by  their  being  associated,  by  having  a  common  physical  base,  a  common  object,  and  by  their  arising  and  disappearing  simultaneously"  (Patth.  Com.).
(20)  Dissociation-condition  (vippayutta-paccaya)  refers  to  such  phenomena  as  aid  other  phenomena  by  not  baving  the  same  physical  base  (eye,  etc.)  and  objects.  Thus  corporeal  phenomena  are  for  mental  phenomena,  and  conversely,  a  condition  by  way  of  dissociation,  whether  co-nascent  or  not.
(2l)  Presence-condition  (atthi-paccaya)  refers  to  a  phenomenon  -  being  pre-nascent  or  co-nascent  -  which  through  its  presence  is  a  condition  for  other  phenomena.  This  condition  applies  to  the  conditions  Nos.  6,  7,  8,  10,  11.
(22)  Absence-condition  (natthi-paccaya)  refers  to  consciousness,  etc.,  which  has  just  passed,  and  which  thus  forms  the  necessary  condition  for  the  immediately  following  stage  of  consciousness  by  giving  it  an  opportunity  to  arise.  Cf.  No.  4.
(23)  Disappearance-condition  (vigata-paccaya)  is  identical  with  No.  22.
(24)  Non-disappearance-condition  (avigata-paccaya)  is  identical  with  No.  21.
These  24  conditions  should  be  known  thoroughly  for  a  detailed  understanding  of  that  famous  formula  of  the  dependent  origination  (paticcasamuppa^da,  q.v.).  Cf.  Fund.  III,  Guide  p.  117  ff.  (App.)  .
See  The  Significance  of  Dependent  Origination,  by  Nyanatiloka  (WHEEL  140).

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