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什麼是paramattha?paramattha是什麼意思?

在、南傳佛教英文辭典中都找到了“什麼是paramattha”在不同出處下的解釋,請查閱下面的答案。
【南傳佛教英文辭典】對“什麼是paramattha”的解釋

  (-sacca,  -vacana,  -desana^):  ”truth  (or  term,  exposition)  that  is  true  in  the  highest  (or  ultimate)  sense”,  as  contrasted  with  the  ”conventional  truth”  (voha^ra-sacca),  which  is  also  called  ”commonly  accepted  truth”  (sammuti-sacca;  in  Skr:  samvrti-satya).  The  Buddha,  in  explaining  his  doctrine,  sometimes  used  conventional  language  and  sometimes  the  philosophical  mode  of  expression  which  is  in  accordance  whith  undeluded  insight  into  reality.  In  that  ultimate  sense,  existence  is  a  mere  process  of  physical  and  mental  phenomena  within  which,  or  beyond  which,  no  real  ego-entity  nor  any  abiding  substance  can  ever  be  found.  Thus,  whenever  the  suttas  speak  of  man,  woman  or  person,  or  of  the  rebirth  of  a  being,  this  must  not  be  taken  as  being  valid  in  the  ultimate  sense,  but  as  a  mere  conventional  mode  of  speech  (voha^ra-vacana).
It  is  one  of  the  main  characteristics  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka,  in  distinction  from  most  of  the  Sutta  Pitaka,  that  it  does  not  employ  conventional  language,  but  deals  only  with  ultimates,  or  realities  in  the  highest  sense  (paramattha-dhamma^).  But  also  in  the  Sutta  Pitaka  there  are  many  expositions  in  terms  of  ultimate  language  (paramattha-desana^),  namely,  wherever  these  texts  deal  with  the  groups  (khandha),  elements  (dha^tu)  or  sense-bases  (a^yatana),  and  their  components;  and  wherever  the  3  characteristics  (ti-lakkhana,  q.v.)  are  applied.  The  majority  of  Sutta  texts,  however,  use  the  conventional  language,  as  appropriate  in  a  practical  or  ethical  context,  because  it  "would  not  be  right  to  say  that  ”the  groups”  (khandha)  feel  shame,  etc."
It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  also  statements  of  the  Buddha  couched  in  conventional  language,  are  called  ”truth”  (voha^ra-sacca),  being  correct  on  their  own  level,  which  does  not  contradict  the  fact  that  such  statements  ultimately  refer  to  impermanent  and  impersonal  processes.
The  two  truths  -  ultimate  and  conventional  -  appear  in  that  form  only  in  the  commentaries,  but  are  implied  in  a  sutta-distinction  of  ”explicit  (or  direct)  meaning”  (ni^tattha,  q.v.)  and  ”implicit  meaning  (to  be  inferred)”  (neyyattha).  Further,  the  Buddha  repeatedly  mentioned  his  reservations  when  using  conventional  speech,  e.g.  in  D.  9:  "These  are  merely  names,  expressions,  turns  of  speech,  designations  in  common  use  in  the  world,  which  the  Perfect  Qne  (Tatha^gata)  uses  without  misapprehending  them."  See  also  S.  I.  25.
The  term  paramattha,  in  the  sense  here  used,  occurs  in  the  first  para.  of  the  Katha^vatthu,  a  work  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka  (s.  Guide,  p.  62).  (App:  voha^ra).
The  commentarial  discussions  on  these  truths  (Com.  to  D.  9  and  M.  5)  have  not  yet  been  translated  in  full.  On  these  see  K  N.  Jayatilleke,  Early  Buddhist  Theory  of  Knowledge  (London,  1963),  pp.  361ff.
In  Maha^yana,  the  Ma^dhyamika  school  has  given  a  prominent  place  to  the  teaching  of  the  two  truths.

【南傳佛教英文辭典】對“什麼是paramattha”的解釋

  s.  voha^ra-desana^.

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